Types of Operating system.

Before talking about types of Operating system, first talk about the OS.

Operating systems are programs that coordinate computer resources. They work as a mediator between the user and the application software, hardware.

Functions of the operating system.

1 An OS recognizing input from the uses by the medium of the keyboard, mouse, etc.

2 For multiple computing tasks that require storage (memory) in allocations is done by OS through memory management.

3 It makes the computer work properly and easily.

4 An OS maintains the security level of the system or other devices.

5 The OS helps to perform the task at a very high level in a large system or application software.

Types of Operating system in varieties.

1 Real-time operating system (RTOS):

A real-time system is a computer system capable of processing data so quickly that, the results are instantly available or typically without buffer delays.

Also, real-time OS is a time-bound system that has well defined fixed time constraint.

A real-time OS has very little user-interface capability.

There are no end-user utilities since the system will be a “Sealed box” when delivered for use.

The memory allocation in RTOS is more critical than compared to other operating systems.

Key factors in an RTOS are minimal interrupt latency and also minimal switching latency.

Some RTOS are created for special applications and others are the more general purpose.

However, an RTOS is important more for how instant or how predictable it can respond than for the amount of work it can perform in a given period of time.

Here are some examples of the real-time operating system. 

Some of the examples of the General-purpose operating system, such as UNIX, DOS are not real-time.

Lots of Algorithms are used in the real-time operating system. Here a few are mention.

• The fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, which is an implementation of preemptive time slicing.

• Fixed-priority Non-preemptive scheduling.

• Fixed-priority scheduling with Deferred preemptive.

• Static time scheduling.

• Round-robin scheduling.

• Stochastic digraphs with multi-threaded graph traversal.

etc.

Types of Operating system continued.

2 Multi-access OS: This OS allows multiple users to run programs at the computer’s resources simultaneously.

A single CPU holds different terminal, each program which is using by the multiple users has necessary and separate resources required by the different user to connected to it.

Examples: UNIX, Linux, Windows etc.

3 Single-tasking operating system: In this OS only one user can perform a single task effectively at a time at a computer system.

Example: The Palm OS for the palm computers.

4 Multi-processing OS: In this OS multiple CPU is used for running a program that shares some or all of the memory of a computer system.

Examples:  Linux, UNIX, Windows.

5 Multiprogramming OS: More than one program resides in main memory and is being processed apparently at the same time.

Example: Windows-like, running google chrome and Firefox browsers at the same time.

6 Batch Operating system: It is a kind of processing technique.

In this process, an OS collect the program and the data together in a batch before processing starts.  In this, the OS defines a job in which a predefined sequence of commands, data, and programs as a single unit.

The jobs are entered and stored on a disk in a batch queue and then run together under the control of the OS.

A new job gets started as soon as the previous job is finished, without doing any manual intervention.

A job may wait in a batch queue for minutes or hours depending on the workload.

This created difficulty in debugging the program.

Multi-tasking OS:

This type of OS is commonly used in today’s world, in which a user can perform multiple operations at the same time. This OS provides the market a reasonable cost and allows the users to share the computer simultaneously.

Examples: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS of Apple company.

What is pollution? and types of pollution.

Pollution is a kind of those particles, substances or any materials which in either form (Solid, Liquid, Gase’s) spread in our environment in a harmful way.

It contaminates air, water, the soil in the form like chemical substance, energy (heat, light, sound), etc.

Pollution has many types but only four types are considered majorly. Let’s explore the types of pollution in detail. 

1 Air pollution.
2 Water pollution.
3 Soil pollution.
4 Sound pollution.

1 Air pollution.

In today’s world lots of reasons for air pollution like industries, transport vehicles, domestic air pollution release harmful chemical particles in our atmosphere.

From industries and transport’s vehicles carbon dioxide Co2, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide CO, and nitrogen oxide harmful gases release which is the major reason for air pollution.

At domestic levels the pollution by burning any kind of materials like coal, wood, rubber, electric wires (covers with plastic or rubber) to make a meal or any other work in houses also a big reason for air pollution.

2 Water pollution.

Water pollution, the unwanted materials, liquid, chemical waste, etc, when discharge in water by direct or indirect method leads to water pollution.

In the industrial area the waste materials, chemicals are discharged on the water surface leads to water pollution.

The untreated domestic Sewage treated sewage which contains chemicals contaminants like chlorine reason for water pollution.

Also in agriculture, the fertilizers and pesticides make with contact to open sources of water lead to water pollution.

Bath in the open river, washing clothes and other discharges into the water makes it harmful.

Septic tanks make groundwater water polluted.

3 Soil pollution in types of pollution.

When the release of chemicals in the soil by a spill or underground leakage, it contaminates the soil particles.

The major reason for soil pollution is the unwanted release of waste at the domestic level.

In agriculture pesticides, uses of fertilizers, heavy metals, herbicides, and some chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Also in today’s world plastic products is also a major reason for soil pollution.

4 Sound pollution. 

Sound pollution is which encompasses transport noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise, domestic noise (like big speakers or DJ sounds) as well as high intensity-sonar.

These types of pollution reduce air quality, the quantity of clean water for civilization, land for agriculture and many other harmful effects, cancer-like diseases.
Therefore it is our own responsibility to No any kind of pollution in the environment.

we must reduce pollution as soon as possible to survive on earth.

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